What is plant hardiness zone

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A hardness zone is a geographically defined area in which climatic conditions’ a specific category of plant life is capable of growing, including its ability to survive the minimum temperatures of winter.

The Canadian hardiness map prepared in 2000 by Natural Resources and Agriculture Canada is divided into nine major hardiness zones: the harshest is 0 and the mildest is 8. Relatively few plants are suited to zone 0.  In addition to zones, also subzones (e.g., 4a or 4b, 5a or 5b) are noted in the map legend. These subzones are very important to  gardeners, as they pinpoint to their garden location.

The hardiness zones differ even within the greater Toronto area. For instance, Mississauga and Oakville fall into zone 6b, Brampton 6a and Etobicoke 7a. That means that in most part of Mississauga only plants that survive in the lowest temperatures -20.6 to -17.8 C, should be planted, while this threshold is lower in some parts of Toronto, including Etobicoke, where this range is -17.8 to -15.0 C, and in Brampton where the range is lower between -23.3 and -20.6 C.

Be aware of the hardiness zone in your area before you buy plants

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Image result for hardiness zone mississaugaIf you are planning to buy a shrub, perennial or a tree, you need to make sure that this new plant will tolerate all-year-round temperatures in your area. To ensure that the new plant will survive and grow year after year you need to make sure that the hardiness zone in your area matches the hardness zone of the plant.

One would expect that local garden centres should only be selling plants that will thrive in local climate. This is not always the case. You need to remember that garden centres are in the business of selling their stock and what looks nice sells. That is why you need to do a bit of detective work before buying plants that look great in the nursery on a warm May day. Some plants may not survive over winter even though they look great in the nursery in the early spring at planting time. But what is hardiness zone? A hardness zone is a geographically defined area in which climatic conditions’ a specific category of plant life is capable of growing, including its ability to survive the minimum temperatures of winter.

Better garden centres list the hardiness zones as part of the description attached to the plants, but it is always prudent to double check the Canadian gardening reference books and nursery catalogues or just by searching the plant name online. Just make sure that you are using the Canadian reference sources as zones are differently defined for the U.S. and Canada. There are ten hardiness zones for the U.S. and only nine for Canada – that means that hardness zone 5 in the U.S. source refers to completely different climatic conditions that Canadian hardiness zone 5. Some of the plants you find in the nursery may be brought from the States and marked accordingly to the American system. All plants mentioned on our website refer to Canadian hardiness zones and each plant entry lists the range of zones where the plant is recommended.

In Canada, the Plant Hardiness Map produced most recently in 2000 by Natural Resources and Agriculture Canada scientists outlines nine different zones where various types of trees, shrubs and flowers will most likely survive. It is based on the average climatic conditions of each area, including minimum winter temperatures, length of the frost-free period, summer rainfall, maximum temperatures, snow cover, January rainfall and maximum wind speed. This updated plant hardiness map indicates that there have been changes in the hardiness zones consistent with the climate change. That may explain why some of the older plants in your garden do not perform well in the recent years. Also, one needs to be mindful that produced in 2000 hardiness map is already outdated. But this is still the best tool available to gardeners to help them to choose the best plants for their garden. The Canadian hardiness map is divided into nine major zones: the harshest is 0 and the mildest is 8. Relatively few plants are suited to zone 0. Subzones (e.g., 4a or 4b, 5a or 5b) are also noted in the map legend. These subzones are very important to Canadian gardeners, as they pinpoint to their garden location. You can also search for the hardiness zone by location, as well as use the interactive climate change forecasting tool to get a list of plants that will do well in your area in the future.

The hardiness zones differ even within the greater Toronto area, where Mississauga and Oakville fall into zone 6b (going up the scale from zone 6a in the late sixties when the first Canadian hardiness map was created), Brampton 6a (change from 5b) and Etobicoke 7a (change from 6a). That means that in most part of Mississauga only plants that survive in the lowest temperatures -20.6 to -17.8 C, should be planted, while this threshold is lower in some parts of Toronto, including Etobicoke, where this range is -17.8 to -15.0 C, and in Brampton where the range is lower between -23.3 and -20.6 C.

As every gardener learns, cold hardiness is only one factor in plant’s adaptation. Some significant local factors, such as micro-topography, amount of shelter and subtle local variations in snow cover, are too small to be captured on the hardiness map, yet they also influence the plant’s ability to survive. Other factors include the unique combinations of soil type, wind, rainfall, length and time of cold, humidity, summer temperatures, and temperatures in relation to humidity.

Another aspect of climate important in selecting plants is microclimate – the climate around your home that differs slightly from the general climate in your area. The northern side of your property, which is partially shaded most of the day by your house is cold microclimate. the southern part of your house, unless shaded by trees, receives hot sun almost all day, is a warm microclimate. At Landpol, when helping you plan your garden, we start with a site plan specific for your property. This helps us to identify the nuances in weather conditions and select the best plants for your garden.

Low maintenance annuals for lasting flower colour – part 1

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Celosia plumose

Celosia plumose in a flowerbed

Celosias

If you are looking for lasting splashes of colour in your garden and a supply of fresh cut flowers to your table, annual flowering plants are your best friends. Of these, celosias, amaranths, gomphrenas and sunflowers are some of the hardiest on the market, that after the initial investment of care when planted, provide great returns throughout the season:

Very few flowers are as showy as celosia. Whether you plant the plumed type, which produces striking upright spires, or the crested type, which has a fascinating twisted form, you’ll enjoy the unusual red, pink, purple, gold or bi-colored flowers all summer and fall long as they typically bloom for up to 12 weeks in all the colors of a glowing sunset. When many celosia flower blooms are next to each other, they collectively resemble fire, thus their name Celosia, which means burning in Greek.

This is definitely a sun loving annual that grows between 1-8 feet tall and spread 6-18 inches wide. It requires watering until well established and can tolerate drought conditions later on.

You will love using celosia in bouquets, but you can also dry them easily. To dry these flowers, hang them upside down in a cool, dark, and dry place, for about two months. Celosia also makes a very showy, unusual display in borders and as edging. While the brilliant reds are by far the most popular color, Celosia, or Cockscomb, also come in yellow, orange, crimson, rose, and purple flowers.

Celosia is grown from very fine seeds. Celosia is usually grown as an annual; although this plant drops its seeds and given favourable conditions, it can seed on its own and take over an area larger than intended.

Amaranths

Amaranths produce tassels of dark red flowers

Amaranths

Amaranths are showy and exotic accent plants, ideal for beds and borders. They are also great in bouquets and in dried flower arrangements. At maturity, amaranth flowers cascade to the ground from tall, erect branching stems in breathtaking tassels of the darkest red or green.

The plant is large and bushy, growing about 3 to 4 feet high. Although amaranth is primarily cultivated as an annual ornamental plant, many of its species are grown as edible leaf vegetables or cereals.

Considered a native plant of Peru, this hardy plant is now grown around the world, including Ontario. Amaranth prefers partly shady to full sunlight conditions and a high elevation, but it can grow at almost any elevation in temperate climates. The soil type is not overly important, though it should have a PH between 6 and 7. For the most vibrant flowers it is best that the soil is not too rich, as this soil type encourages growth. Amarath can also survive in low-water conditions once the plants have been established.

Gomprena Fireworks

Gomprena Fireworks

Gomprena

If you’re looking for a tough plant that will keep on blooming despite the heat of the summer, gomphrena is a perfect choice for that. This native to Panama and Guatemala plant, also known as globe flower or globe amaranth, produces dozens of showy, globe-shaped lavender, purple, pink, red, magenta, blue, orange and white flowers that blooms from early summer to frost. The additional colours are brought to your garden by a variety of butterflies this sun-loving plant is sure to attract.

Gomphrena can reach about 25cm to 45cm in height. The flowers look a lot like clover about 1 inch in diameter, and they seem to last forever and have a straw-like texture. As such, they are highly valued for dried flower or cut flower arrangements.

Once established, gomphrena is actually maintenance-free. But the plant needs to establish itself first, so it’s best to give your gomphrena plant some extra pampering initially. Even though gomphrena can tolerate hot and dry weather, you still need to provide sufficient water to saturate the root zone. You have to be careful when watering gomphrena during the roots establishment – the plant does not like wet soil, so even in this initial stage do not water the plant again until the soil dries after the previous watering. Also, be sure to plant gomphrena in full sun. The plant will tolerate partial shade, but in full sun will produces better flowers.

sunflowers
Van Gogh in the garden

Sunflowers

American natives, sunflowers, have been grown in the Americas for centuries. They have been cultivated both, for decorative beauty and as a valuable food source when harvested for seed.

These annual plants have big, daisy-like flower faces of bright yellow (occasionally red) petals, and brown centers that ripen into heavy heads filled with seeds. Tall and sturdy, the plants have creeping or tuberous roots and large, bristly leaves. Some sunflowers grow to over 16 feet in height, however, most of the newly developed varieties on the market today are small plants suitable for small spaces and containers that are used mainly as cut flowers.

Sunflowers are remarkably tough and easy to grow as long as the soil is not wet. Most are heat- and drought-tolerant. They make excellent cut flowers and are sure to attract to bees and birds.

Landscaping Mississauga gardens – very drought tolerant perennial flowers

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If you would like your low maintenance, drought tolerant garden to show a splash of colour throughout the season, here are some examples of perennials that will charm you with colour without demanding much in return:

sea thrift displays elegant small flowers on wiry stems

see thrift displays elegant small flowers on wiry stems

 

Sea Thrift

These small, mounded, grassy-leaved plants bear striking, rounded clusters of pink or white flowers on erect, wiry stems. Great for rock gardens and front of the border. Sea thrift tolerates poor, but well-drained (preferably sandy) soil. In fact, the plant may rot out in wet, humid conditions or in overly fertile soil. The clusters grow up to 1 foot in height and spread. It blooms from late spring to early summer.

 

butterfly weed in sunny garden combination

butterfly weed in sunny garden combination

Butterfly weed

Brightly colored, orange, pink, red and white, butterfly weed attracts many kinds of butterflies to its colorful blooms from early summer to first frost in most cases. The plant is slow to emerge in the spring, so it is important to mark its location to avoid accidental digging before new growth starts. Butterfly weed requires full sun. The clusters grow 1-8 feet high and 2-3 feet wide. This is your very low maintenance drought tolerant plant that grows well with Russian sage, coreopsis, catmint, purple Coneflower (pictured on the photo) and grasses, such as fountain grass, switch grass or northern sea oats. Butterfly weed also has some winter interest display – the seed pods turn brown over time, and add nice winter interest to the garden. However, if you let the seed pods stay over winter, you will likely end up with butterfly weed sprouting all over your garden. If that is not what you want, simply cut off the seed pods before they open.

 

Gloriosa Daisy variety has larger flowers and longer flowering period

Gloriosa Daisy variety has larger flowers and longer flowering period

Black-Eyed Susan

Gloriosa daisy, also known as Black-eyed Susan, Rudbeckia, or orange coneflower displays characteristic deep golden petals that radiate from chocolate centers on 2- to 4-inch-wide flowers. Plants reach 3-4 feet high and 1.5 feet wide; while some shorter varieties, such as ‘Goldilocks’ and ‘Toto’ top out at 10 inches tall. Black-eyed Susan is a superb performer for the perennial flower borders, it propagates easily from seeds, and it offers a rewarding long bloom season with a glorious display of colour ranging from solid gold, bi-colors, and doubles, depending on the variety. The Gloriosa Daisy plant is, in fact, a relative of Black-eyed Susan that typically has larger blooms with brown centers and a mahogany red color shooting into yellow outer petals. This flower will grow in most soil types that are well-drained and in sunny settings. This daisy makes a good cut flower, and the more you cut, the more blooms are produced!

Landscaping Mississauga Gardens – shrubs for dry soil conditions

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Larger shrubs like the Sea Buckthorn can be a very attractive addition to a low maintenance garden

Larger shrubs like the Sea Buckthorn can be a very attractive addition to a low maintenance garden

Low maintenance shrubs – Sea Buckhorn

Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae), is a hardy deciduous shrub that will thrive in almost any soil conditions, own their name to the fact that they are one of the very few plants that are also salt-tolerant, and as such are being used to stabilize the soil on the seasides where nothing else would grow.

Little demanding sea buckhorn shrubs adorn the mountainous regions of China and Russia, and the Canadian prairies where they grow naturally. They will grow in both sandy, and clay soils. In fact they will thrive in nearly any soil type; however, sea buckhorn plant requires full sunlight and is extremely intolerant of shady conditions near larger trees.

The shrubs are also very resistant to frost injury, making them an excellent choice for planting in a location in your garden that is not suitable for other plants and where they can act as a shelter. They can withstand winter temperatures of up to -40 degrees Celsius (-43 degrees F). Because of these characteristics, sea buckhorn shrubs are commonly planted for soil and water conservation purposes. For that reason, sea buckthorn was once distributed free of charge to Canadian prairie farmers by the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration to be used in shelter belts. Sea buckthorn is also a popular garden and landscaping shrub with an aggressive basal shoot system used for barrier hedges and windbreaks, and stabilize riverbanks and steep slopes.

Sea buckhorn also serves as an economic resource for food and medicine products. Legends date back to ancient Greece about its potency as an inside-out body healer that the mythical Pegasus was said to have eaten the berries of to gain the power to fly. Speculation exists, that point to Genghis Khan feeding his horse-driven army sea buckhorn in its incredibly successful conquest that, at its peak, conquered 16% of the Earth’s total land area. More recently, sea buckhorn was a sponsored drink at the Beijing Olympics and also is also used by Russian Cosmonauts for nutrition and radiation protection in space.

It is a fact that sea buckhorn oil contains ten times the amount of vitamin C than is found in oranges. It provides a natural and potent source of anti-oxidants that benefit our skin by protecting the cells and DNA structure against the damage caused by poor diet, environmental pollution and sun damage. It also boosts the production of collagen, improves skin texture & pigment distribution, as well as it acts as anti-inflammatory. Sea buckthorn berries are used for preventing infections, improving sight, and slowing the aging process. Some people apply sea buckthorn berries, berry concentrate, and berry or seed oil directly to the skin sunburn prevention, treating radiation damage from x-rays and healing wounds including bedsores, burns, and cuts.

The shrubs reach 0.5–4 metres tall, its branches are dense and stiff, and very thorny. The leaves are a distinct pale silvery-green, lanceolate, 3–8 centimetres (1.2–3.1 in) long and less than 7 millimetres (0.28 in) broad. It propagates much like any other plant, with seeds or cuttings. Requires some pruning to keep under control. It’s best to prune it on a regular basis and train it in a manageable growth pattern for future harvesting.

Landscaping Mississauga Gardens – Sumac

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Staghorn sumac will bring an interesting display of colours in the late summer and fall

Staghorn sumac will bring an interesting display of colours in the late summer and fall

Large shrubs for dry soil – sumac

Depending upon whom you ask, sumac (sometimes spelled, “sumach”) is considered either a small tree or a tall shrub. Regardless in what category the plant is put, it certainly outperforms the largest trees with its fall colourful foliage. Dense stands of sumac trees covering a slope next to some Ontario highways in a sea of red, are some of the best fall foliage spectacles we witness each year. Despite their beauty sumacs recently became less popular. This is due to the confusion resulting from the fact that apart from the delightful and harmless sumacs, there also exists in the wild a poisonous version of the species that can cause a severe skin irritation when touched. Poison sumac, however, is in a distinct minority amongst the sumacs. The remaining sumac trees and shrubs produce no poison, but provide spectacular autumn color.

Additionally, it is easy to distinguish poison sumacs from their non-poison sumac relatives in the fall, when the berries have ripened to maturity. The poisonous plants have white berries in the fall, and the berries hang down. Non-poison sumacs bear red berries and their berries grow upright. In addition, poison sumac plants grow almost exclusively in swamps, whereas non-poison sumac plants prefer precisely the opposite habitat — soils that are well-drained and many are drought- tolerant. To avoid any confusion it is best to buy sumacs from nurseries.

One of the most popular sumacs in the GTA area is staghorn sumac, a tough plant that can be grown in dry areas of the garden. It is a relatively tall, tree-like variety that can reach up to 25 feet in height. Staghorn derives its name from the hairy texture of its branches, reminiscent of the velvety feel of deer antlers. The smooth sumac tree (Rhus glabra) is another common variety; it attains a height of about 10 feet. Both provide striking fall foliage.

As mentioned at the outset, the fall foliage they provide is unsurpassed. Nor is their autumn color display limited to their leaves, for the tuft atop the plant that holds sumac’s berries is red and fluffy, increasing the plant’s visual appeal. An added bonus is the fact that this seed-tuft remains on the sumac trees all winter, attracting colorful wild birds, whose presence greatly enhances the color and variety of winter scenery. Increasingly, homeowners begin to understand the importance of achieving four seasons of visual interest on the landscape and sumac is perfect for that as adequate winter scenery is perhaps the most difficult to achieve, since vegetation is more robust in the other three seasons.

Sumac in winter

Sumac in winter

Sumac seeds are an important source of bird food, precisely because they do stay on the plant long enough to be part of your winter scenery. This makes them an excellent emergency food for birds throughout the winter and beyond. I have witnessed bluebirds, black-capped chickadees and robins feeding on sumac seeds throughout the whole winter and into early spring today.

Landscaping Mississauga gardens – drought tolerant shrubs – Devil’s Walkingstick

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Devil's walkingstick

Devil’s Walkingstick is an example of a larger shrub that does well in all soil conditions

Devil’s Walkingstick (Aralia spinosa), is a large deciduous shrub native to eastern North America, also known as Hercule’s club, or Mississippi hoe handle. The various names refer to its unusual look – the stems of the plant are unbranched and simple, like a walking stick, and they are covered with large prickly thorns that would metaphorically be associated with the devil.

The shrubs generally grow in clusters of unbranched stems, rising to the height of 3.5–6 m which bear upon their summits a crowded cluster of doubly or triply compound leaves, thus giving to each stem a peculiar tropical palm-like appearance.

The shrub is particularly attractive in the autumn when its large green leaves turn to a distinctive shade of bronze red touched with yellow. In late summer the shrub is covered with individually small, but produced in large showy panicles, creamy-white flowers that smell like lemon. The fruit are purplish-black berries ripening in the late fall. An additional advantage of using devil’s walkingstick is the fact that they can easily be propagated from seed, by division, or from root cuttings, so you can only purchase one specimen and propagate for the rest of the garden.

 

Vibrant display of autumn colours adds to the year-round interest

Vibrant display of autumn colours adds to the year-round interest

The textural quality of this eastern native’s stems and foliage is superb. During winter, a circle of the thorn-covered stems lend strong winter

interest looking as magical as an outdoor sculpture. Dark blue-green compound leaves offer a tropical effect before turning yellow and purple in autumn. One-foot-wide flower clusters sit atop the foliage in summer and transform into purple-black fruits that attract birds

Landscaping Mississauga Gardens – Best trees for dry conditions: Honey locust, Turkish hazel & Russian olive

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honey locust
honey-locust is a drought resistant shade tree

Honey locust

A great choice if you want a hassle-free, attractive, fast-growing (18”+ annually) ornamental tree that won’t shade out your lawn and landscaping as it has small leaflets that produce a filtered shade.

This native to central North America, deciduous tree requires very little maintenance once planted and established. In fact, it performs best if not fertilized or watered, since optimal growth conditions in the summer and rapid growth may increases susceptibility to winter dieback of some of the new branches.

Honey locust can reach a height of 20–30 m (66–100 ft). Its leaves are bright green in spring and turn yellow in the fall. The leaves are small and in the fall they simply disappear into the lawn and decompose, without any need for raking. The strongly scented cream-colored flowers appear in clusters by late spring. The name of this tree derives from the sweet taste of its fruit, flat legume pulp that matures in early autumn. The pulp is used for food by Native American people, and it can also be fermented to make beer. The long pods, which eventually dry and ripen to brown or maroon, make a striking visual statement against the winter snow.

This ornamental tree is your best choice in dry areas, where few other trees can survive and prosper and it also tolerates urban conditions, compacted soil, road salt, alkaline soil, heat and drought. The fast growth rate and tolerance of poor site conditions make it valued in areas where shade is wanted quickly.

 

Fast growing drought-tolerant shady tree

Fast growing drought-tolerant shady tree

Turkish hazel

 

 

Another excellent small tree choice for drier sites.  It is drought-tolerant, but it also does well in wet conditions. This a tree for all challenging landscaping condition. It grows up to 40’ tall and has a broad, distinctive and refined pyramidal shape with interesting corky bark, and dark green foliage throughout the season. The crinkled round leaves turn yellow in October.  The foliage is dense and the tree provides a nice shade in summer right from the beginning.

 

 

Russian olive can be grown as a small tree or a shrub

Russian olive can be grown as a small tree or a shrub

Russian olive

Russian olive, commonly called silver berry, oleaster or Persian olive is a native to the western and central Asia, an area stretching from southern Russia and Kazakhstan to Turkey and Iran, which is becoming very popular in Ontario as introduced species.

Russian olive can be grown either as a large thorny shrub if you trim it regularly or it can grow to the size of a small tree up to 5 metres in height. This drought-resistant ornamental plant is a very attractive addition to any garden with its dense covering of silvery to rusty leaves and highly scented flowers that appear in early spring and are followed by clusters of small cherry-like orange-red fruit covered in silvery scales. The fruits are edible, and in Iran, the dried power of Russian olive fruits mixed with milk is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and joint pains.

Russian olive needs to be planted with caution. Because it thrives in very poor soil conditions, has low seeding mortality and matures in a few years it often outcompetes the other plants and can become invasive.

Please see our previous entries for landscaping in dry soil conditions and the best evergreens to plant in these conditions.

Landscaping Mississauga gardens – best evergreens for dry soil

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The best performing shrubs in dry soil in Peel, Halton, and GTA in general, are junipers and yuccas.

junipers perform well in dry soil

junipers perform well in dry soil

 

Junipers – grow naturally in many dry environments, such as rock outcrops and even sand dunes. There is also a large variety of species to choose from ranging from upright junipers ideal for privacy fences to creeping varieties. They come in different colours from golden green to blue.  The hardiest varieties to look for this season include the following: ground hugging Calgary Carpet or Blue Coast, and upright medium height Limeglow or New Blue Tamarix, and Blue Chip that can be used for the flower garden background or property dividing green fence when trimmed regularly.

 

 

 

yuccas, such as Andrew's needle tolerate dry soil and look striking in the dry garden

yuccas, such as Andrew’s needle tolerate dry soil and look striking in the dry garden

Yuccas do not require watering once they are established.  They grow a long taproot and are able to find all the water they need on their own.  In search of water, they  also spread, and if they find hospitable conditions, they may even become invasive, so regular weeding and root dividing may be necessary. Yuccas look like desert plants with spiky, pointed leaves. In July, they also display tall 150 cm – 175 cm (5’ – 6’) flowers pictured here.  The beauty of yuccas, such as Andrew’s Needle above, lies also in the fact that they are very easy to share with your neighbours – all you need to to is to chop put a part of your shrub’s roots and give it to your neighbour to plant in their garden…..

Landscaping Mississauga Gardens – how to read fertilizer labels and choose the right fertilizer for your soil

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fertilizers

If you decide to improve the quality of your soil using a chemical fertilizer,which is a quick fix method to improve the quality of your soil, you face a sometimes daunting task of selecting the appropriate fertilizer for your soil conditions among the variety of fertilizers available.  Choosing carelessly just any fertilizer, based on its name for example, may lead to further deterioration of your soil.

When using a fertilizer, you need to keep in mind the type of soil you originally have which you should determine by a taking a soil test described in one of our previous blog entries.

1. the soil tests done by using a soil kit to test for the pH and key nutrients levels described in detail here, determines what is the pH scale of your soil.  The pH scale describe the degree of acidity and alkalinity: an extremely high  (alkaline) or low (acid) pH levels affect the ability of plant to absorb essential mineral nutrients from the soil.  The majority of plants in southern Ontario flourish in soils with a pH ranging between 6 and 7, which is mildly acid to neutral.  To raise the pH level of acid soil, add ground limestone from a local garden centre, or wood ashes from a fireplace after the spring cleaning; to lower the pH of alkaline soil, use powdered sulfur, acid peat moss, or an acid fertilizer or simply mulch your garden with with acid ladden pine needles or oak leaves, which will lower the pH level as they decompose.

2. there are three major ingredients your soil needs in order for plants to flourish: nitrogen (for leaf and steam growth), phosphorus (for root development, seed formation and flowering), and potassium that enhances the plants vigour and resistance to diseases.  On the bag of fertilizer, the ratio of these nutrients is always expressed in this order: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K); that means that 10-10-10 fertilizer has ten percent of each nutrient mixed with filler, while 5-10-5 fertilizer is higher in phosphorus.